Shellfish And Zooplankton Such As Foraminifera And Pteropods

shellfish and zooplankton such as foraminifera and pteropods. These organisms, especially zooplankton, are the base of the marine food chain, as they provide energy in the form of food for animals higher up the food chain. The levels of calcium carbonate, minerals that calcifying species use to build their exoskeleton, in the ocean are disturbed by the increased amounts of carbon dioxide that is being absorbed. This new absorption is causing some parts of the ocean to become unsaturated with this important compound, and therefore making them less available to the calcifying organisms that need them. Without these protective shells, organisms are unable to survive, leading to a rapid decrease in their populations. Not only does this increase in ocean acidity result in shell degradation, but it has also been shown to breakdown existing coral reefs, as well as limit the building of new coral reef structures all over the planet. Corals, like calcifying species, rely on a steady supply of calcium carbonate in order to build and maintain it s strong structures. This preventable destruction would not only be breaking down some of the most ancient ecosystems, but also some of the most diverse ecosystems on the planet. Occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to more than twenty-five percent of marine life. Thanks to their diversity, coral reefs provide millions of people with food, medicine, protection from storms, and revenue from fishing andShow MoreRelatedClimate Change : Ocean Acidification Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe biological process involves the absorption of CO2 by phytoplanktons undergoing photosynthesis. These phytoplanktons are especially importan t to marine ecosystem because are the foundation of the aquatic food web; microscopic organisms, like zooplankton, to multi-ton whales depend on phytoplanktons as a food source (NASA). The second process involves a physio-chemical process where carbon dioxide is diffused into the ocean through an air-sea gas exchange, controlled by the air-sea difference inRead MoreBiological Diversity And Its Effects On Our Environment1265 Words   |  6 Pagesspecies whose shells are hardened by deposition of calcium carbonate (dictionary.com). One of the most alarming results of the increase in acidity of the ocean is the rapid degradation of the shells of shellfish and zooplankton such as foraminifera and pteropods. These organisms, especially zooplankton, are the base of the marine food chain, as they provide energy in the form of food for animals higher up the food chain. The levels of calcium carbonate, minerals that calcifying species use to build

Marital Destruction Out of Dysfunctional Marriage Free Essays

Course: College English 2 Date: 12/4/12 Marital destruction out of dysfunctional marriage and Othello’s characters William Shakespeare is(1564-1616) widely regarded as the greatest writer in the history of English literature and the most pre-eminent dramatist around the world. Among all his works, many literary critics regard Othello as the peak of his tragedies. Othello is not only a tragedy of family, but also a tragedy of love. We will write a custom essay sample on Marital Destruction Out of Dysfunctional Marriage or any similar topic only for you Order Now Jealous psychology of the characters ultimately leads to the marital tragedy. Iago was jealous of Cassio and Othello, so he slandered and entrapped Cassio and Desdemona, which directly brought about the tragedy. Othello’s true love to Desdemona was utilized by Iago who had an ulterior motive. Driven by jealousy, Othello readily believed Iago, and personally killed his own wife, and eventually drew his sword to cut his own throat. Therefore, the tragedy in Othello’s marriage is largely rooted in jealous psychology. We analyze the reason effect this tragedy of marriage by following the premarital objective situation and the subjective married life. Othello and Desdemona’s marriage is doomed and dysfunctional from the beginning because of acute differences in marriage and due to Othello’s flaw of characters. We analyze the reasons which affect this tragedy of marriage by following the premarital situation then Othello’s characters in married life. To pave the way for detailed analysis, it is necessary to know about two types of marriages at that time. Jessica Tvordi says in â€Å"In quarter and in Terms like Bride and Groom†: Reconfiguring Marriage, Friendship, and Alliance in Othello â€Å"In its treatment of marriage, Othello introduces and creates tensions between two models of marriage: the dynastic or lineal marriage and the â€Å"companionate† or affective marriage. The traditional discourse of dynastic marriage reflects large concerns regarding the necessary of marriage which means â€Å"long term objectives of linear family† which is defined by Lisa Jardine. Jessica Tvordi says â€Å"†¦the discourse of affective marriage emphasizes the importance of companionship in marriage rather than political and economic gains†. About play Othello, Ot hello is a Moorish general of Venice. Othello is described by Iago as â€Å"Barbary horse† (105 line, Scene1, Act1). However, Desdemona is a beautiful girl who is the daughter of Venetian senator Brabantio. Brabantio is a traditional noble person, his mind obeys and follows the dynastic marriage rule. As Desdemona’s father, depend on the different races and different status, Brabantio certainly fight against with the marriage between Othello and his daughter. In other words, Othello lacks the â€Å"required conveniences† for Brabantio’s family which is pointed out by Iago. Moreover, similar like the two types of marriages affective marriage and the dynastic marriage are not only occurred in England, but also happened in other country. For example, when people marriage in China, they follow â€Å"be matched for marriage†. Because in Chinese culture, marriage is not only two people’s combination but also two families’ unite. So â€Å"match† means two families’ economic conditions, social status, and members of family should be equivalent. Apparently, Othello and Desdemona have a big gap in economic conditions and social status. Here, we can find out that Othello and Desdemona’s marriage doomed from the start, at least, their marriage is not benedictory. However, Desdemona and Othello are against the dynastic marriage rule, they start a clandestine marriage which seemed as a misalliance. Iago reveals their marriage to Brabantio, emphasizing the nature of Desdemona’s actions as disruptive of lineal conventions. Seeming, Desdemona and Othello aspire a kind of affective marriage which is presented by Jessica Tvordi â€Å"a more equal partnership between husband and wife†. In fact, â€Å"Desdemona and Othello represent their feelings for one another within the Protestant paradigm of companionship and affection, which at its most elevated usually downplays strictly lineal concerns. As point out by Jessica Tvordi. When Othello is asked about the match, he explains that Desdemona loves him because of Desdemona’s admiration and pity, she thank’d me, And bade me, if I had a friend that loved her, I should but teach him how to tell my story. And that would woo her. Upon this hint I spake: She loved me for the dange rs I had pass’d, And I loved her that she did pity them. This only is the witchcraft I have used(3. 3. 90) Desdemona also confirms her promise and says: My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; I am hitherto your daughter: but here’s my husband, And so much duty as my mother show’d To you, preferring you before her father, So much I challenge that I may profess Due to the Moor my lord. †(180 line, Scene 3, Act 3) Desdemona and Othello’s representation certify that they will have an affective marriage and the love between them is true love. Although their premarital condition is not being unpromising, they believe that this affective marriage carrying their true love will have a happy ending. But at the end of the play, this kind of affective marriage change into a tragedy. The reason result in tragedy is Othello’s character emerges in the married life. In Othello’s character, he has a fatal weakness which is jealousy. On the battlefield, Othello is an all-power hero. However, he is made use of by Iago, giving rise to the credulity tragedy of murder his wife and suicide. The tragic results are not only coming from treacherous Iago who is full of jealousy and great ambition but also comes from Othello’s jealousy. Moreover, the jealousy consists of inferiority complex and being credulous. First, Othello always has an inferiority complex because of his black race. His fragile mind has never disappeared although he has been promoted as a noble general. When he hears from Iago about his wife has love affairs with Cassio, he said, â€Å"Haply, for I am black And have not those soft parts of conversation That chamberers have, or for I am declined Into the vale of years,—yet that’s not much—She’s gone. I am abused; and my relief Must be to loathe her. † (line262 Scene 3, Act 3) If he is not inferior, he would not judge and suspect his wife based on several pieces of provocation. He is inferior in color and age. In practice, he feels that he is not worthy of Desdemona. He feels inferior to Cassio so that he had an indefinable fear. Second, Othello is too credulous of Iago. He cannot imagine Iago is such an evil who envies Desdemona’s beauty and is very angry and hates him due to a promotion. Therefore, to achieve his revenge, Iago deliberately spread rumors, which Othello did not perceive. I do beseech you—Though I perchance am vicious in my guess, As, I confess, it is my nature’s plague To spy into abuses, and oft my jealousy Shapes faults that are not—that your wisdom yet, From one that so imperfectly conceits, Would take no notice, nor build yourself a trouble Out of his scattering and unsure observance. It were not for your quiet nor your good, Nor for my manhood, honesty, or wisdom, To let you know my thoughts. 145 line, Scene 3, Act 3) On the contrary, Othello thought Iago is an honest man since Iago behaved in a hesitant way to expose the truth to him, seems like a righteous man from the heart. In addition, Othello has another character which is male chauvinism. When he is provoked by Iago, he begins to doubt his honesty of Desdemona. It is rather his male chauvinism than so much trust in Iago. In his view, Desdemona’s derailment is sha meful, heinous, hurting his big man’s self-esteem. Even if it is only a rumor, he also cannot wait to ask to find evidence. I’ll see before I doubt, when I doubt, prove, And on the proof there is no more but this:Away at once with love or jealousy! (195 line, Scene 3, Act 3) When he finds that his handkerchief which is used as engagement pledge in Cassio’s room and suspected his wife’s infidelity, it is understandable and justifiable based on his male chauvinism. Another drawback of Othello’s character is his violent personality and impulsiveness, which finally causes the tragedy. Othello looks like a tamed lion after marriage. However he still has the lion’s nature. When he is stimulated, he would fly into a rage. In â€Å"Marriage, the Violent Traverse from Two to One in the Taming of the Sbrew and Othello†, the author Unhae Langis says â€Å"The seeds of disaster are sown in the characters of Othello and Desdemona themselves: as Heraclitus once noted, â€Å"Man’s character is his fate [daimon]. † Unhae Langis analysis the relationship between Othello and Desdemona based on the Othello’s character like that: â€Å"Othello inexorably enacting upon Desdemona the disaster of his marital state and the violent liberalization of the male headship in the smothering of his wife. Ironically, it is their very passion for virtue that induces their ruin. Contrary to the common focus of criticism, it is sameness rather difference that brings on the debacle. † Just like Unhae Langis says, Othello’s violent personality makes his marriage tend to tragedy. Consequently, we can say Othello’s violent personality and impulsiveness is the reason leading to the destruction. We believe it is a true love between Desdemona and Othello. But the result of their marriage is a tragedy. The tragedy is rooted in the objective marriage model and the subjective Othello’s character. At that time, dynastic marriage is the common marriage model. Affective marriage which Othello and Desdemona follow is not receptive at that time. Apparently, their races, social status and family condition are not match. Therefore, Othello and Desdemona’s marriage doomed from the start because of their differences. Furthermore, by Othello’s characters, which are violent personality, jealousy and male chauvinism, although they start this heavy marriage based on their true love, they cannot keep this marriage for a long time. Finally, their marriage is destroyed by Othello’s character and social environment. Shen, Good effort in the first draft! The thesis is clear and you have followed good research to show that the Othello-Desdemona marriage was doomed from the beginning. The biggest drawback in this paper was the use of research—you have too many quotes, without explaining what they mean and how they are being used in the specific paragraph or context of your argument. You also need to focus on MLA citations in the second draft. The paper requires 4 sources and so far you have two critics cited. The Works Cited page also should be formatted correctly. Good effort overall! Citation 1. Shakespeare, William. Othello. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert, Diyanni. New York: McGraw Hill 2007. Print 2. Langis, Unhae. â€Å"Journal of the Wooden O Symposium. † Marriage, the Violent Traverse from Two to One in the Taming of the Sbrew and Othello 8 (2008): 45-63. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. 3. Jessica, Tvordi. â€Å"Journal of the Wooden O Symposium. † In Quarter and in Terms like Bride and Groom†: Reconfiguring Marriage, Friendship, and Alliance in Othello 8 (2008): 85-101. Academic Search Complete. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. How to cite Marital Destruction Out of Dysfunctional Marriage, Essay examples

Project Management Methodology Rule and Guidance

Question: Discuss about the Project Management Methodology Rule and Guidance. Answer: What a methodology is and the role it serves in project management The project management methodology is a set of rule and guidance for the project team through which they can accomplish a project. The methodology makes the project easy for the manager to understand and overcome any kind of project trouble if arrive during the project. The methodology generally contains the definitions, guidelines and different templates for the successful completion and delivery of the project. The3 methodology is generally used by all kind of project development whether the project is related to the Information technology or from any other domain (Michels, 1986). In a project development, the project management methodologies generally applied by the managers for the planning and design and implementation of the project. Each project generally uses different methodologies which can be different for a different project. As an example, the NASA applies a different methodology for a different project and Navy apply a different methodology for their projects. Type of m ethodologies, which generally applied by the organizations and teams for the project developments are, Agile Adaptive project Framework Crystal method SDLC Waterfall methodology PRINCE 2 Spiral Scrum 2. Familiarize yourselves with the various methodologies in the list below. Choose two methodologies from this list to compare and contrast, analyzing the similarities and differences between them both. There are different methodologies which are generally applied by the project management teams for the project development. The Agile and the Waterfall project development methodologies are two of them which are used by the managers in most of the project development cases. The project development methodologies like Agile and Waterfall have their own characteristics which become beneficial for the project development. The selection of the methodology depends on upon the type of the project which is under in the development phase. To compare to methodologies I have chosen the Agile and t4he waterfall project development methodologies. These two methodologies are widely used and accepted by the project development teams. Similarities between the Waterfall and Agile methodologies: The similarity between the Agile and the Waterfall or the traditional method is the same Goal. In both of the cases, the Goal of the project management is the delivery of a well planned and developed project. Agile and waterfall both of these generally uses the same kind of principle in project development. The two methodologies generally prefer planning throughout the project before the development. Both of these methodologies lock down the requirements before the starting of the project. Both project development methodologies use same building block methodologies. The Agile, as well as traditional methodology, generally proceed with projects in same building blocks method. They generally create Scope, cost, schedule and performance criteria for the project management (Ed, 2006). The picture shows the agile project development stages. The above picture describes the stages in Waterfall methodology steps. Difference: There are some differences in the Agile and Waterfall project Development methodologies which are aimed towards planning and creating a project. The traditional and the Agile project management methodologies generally dont use the same The traditional and the agile project development phase generally use the same kind of project development principle and building blocks but they are not placed in the same place. They are put in different place in terms of performance and design considerations. Agile project development methodology is flexible in terms of changes but the waterfall project development methodology is not flexible with the change in the project. In the present day, the change in the project requirements is the common thing which is needed to be completed during the development of the project. A developer can change in the ongoing project development whereas in the waterfall the change is not allowed during the development. This is the reason behind the popularity Agile project development over the traditional project development methodology. Agile project development methodology is more transparent whereas the waterfall project development methodology is not transparent. The transparency in the project development helps the developer team to recognize the loopholes present in the project development plan (Mathaisel, 2013). 3: Finally, identify how your chosen methodologies and processes relate to the project life cycle (PLC): The agile methodology and the waterfall methodology are two methodologies which I have chosen for the project development. The agile has different stages in the project development life cycle. The project development life cycle in the both of the methodology consists of different stages in the project development life cycle. These are; Brainstorming- In this approach the developer team generally analyze the situation for which they have to create the software. The project team consults with the stakeholder about the situation for which the software is being developed. Planning: The planning stage is one of the important stage in the product development in which the project team generally plan about the project which is needed to develop the team. The teams analyze the situation and construct the requirement list for the project development. Design: In this case, the team designs the blueprint of the software. After being analyzed by the team and all requirements are met, the teams generally design the software outline for the further development. Build: The developer team builds the software as per the requirement of the client and the outline they have created for the development of the software. Test: This is the testing phase of the software which was created by the team and tested in the real environment to check whether the software is as per the client's expectation or not. Installation: The installation phase is the next stage in which the team installs the software in the place where it has to work. The tested software the installed in the real environment so that the client can take the softwares help in the work. Support : Its is the last stage of the software project life cycle in which the software development team and the company are responsible for any kind of support which is needed in case of any software problem (IEEE, 2006). The project development lifecycle generally consists of these steps which start with the brainstorming and reach and end with the installation of the software. Reference: Michels, J. B. (1986). A Software Planning and Development Methodology with Resource Allocation Capability. Ft. Belvoir: Defense Technical Information Center. Ed, K. A. (2013). Agile methodology for developing measuring learning: Training development for today's world. Place of publication not identified: Authorhouse. Mathaisel, D. F., Manary, J., Criscimagna, N. H. (2013). Engineering for sustainability. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. IEEE Standard for Developing a Software Project Life Cycle Process. (n.d.). doi:10.1109/ieeestd.2006.219190